ABSTRACT
Existe la creencia popular de que el pollo habitualmente consumido contiene hormonas u otras sustancias para acelerar su crecimiento. Llamativamente este concepto con frecuencia es sostenido y validado por médicos y especialistas de la Nutrición. Objetivos: analizar la información científica disponible para evaluar si existen evidencias que avalen la creencia de la utilización de hormonas en los pollos de consumo habitual, con el objeto de acelerar su crecimiento. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una exhaustiva búsqueda bibliográfica que incluyó el origen de esta creencia, la evolución genética del pollo actual, los métodos de crianza, la legislación nacional e internacional y los controles que realizan las autoridades sanitarias para la evaluación de la carne aviar. Asimismo, se efectuó una revisión para conocer si existe evidencia científica sobre los efectos fisiopatológicos que algunos profesionales de la salud atribuyen al consumo de pollo, como ser mayor incidencia de ginecomastia, pubertad precoz en ni- ños, telarca precoz en niñas, aumento de incidencia de cáncer de mama, así como recidivas y/o metástasis del mismo. Resultados: en la búsqueda realizada no se ha hallado bibliografía a nivel nacional o internacional que avale la aplicación de hormonas a los pollos. La legislación nacional vigente lo prohíbe taxativamente. No se han encontrado en los controles realizados por el Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Animal y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA) en la República Argentina, existencia de hormonas exógenas en pollos en los últimos 10 años. Además no se ha encontrado evidencia científica de que el consumo de carne de pollo y/o sus derivados provoque o aumente el riesgo de pubertad precoz en niños y telarca precoz en niñas, ginecomastia en hombres y cáncer de mama en mujeres...
There is the popular belief that hormones or other substances are usually administered to chicken to enhance its growth. Remarkably, this concept is frequently supported and validated by physicians and nutrition specialists. Objectives: to analyze the scientific information available and evaluate if there is supporting evidence to prove that hormones are administered to chicken to enhance growth. Material and methods: a comprehensive bibliographic research was performed including the origin of the myth, the current genetic evolution of chicken, breeding methods, national and international legislation and health controls on the evaluation of poultry meat. Moreover, a review was conducted to know if there is scientific evidence regarding the physiopathology effects that some healthcare professionals attribute to chicken consumption, such as higher incidence of gynecomastia, precocious puberty in boys, precocious thelarche in girls, increased incidence of breast cancer, as well as recurrence and/or metastasis. Results: there is no national and international literature supporting hormone administration to chickens and it is prohibited by the effective national laws. Controls and monitoring performed by the Argentine Food Safety and Quality Service (SENASA) found no exogenous hormones in poultry meat in the Argentine Republic over the last 10 years. No literature was found supporting the belief that poultry meat consumption causes or increases precocious puberty in boys and premature thelarche in girls, gynecomastia in men and breast cancer in women. Conclusions: poultry for consumption has never received hormones of any type; therefore, it is a popular misconception with no scientific support.
Subject(s)
Humans , Breast Neoplasms , Chickens , Gynecomastia , Poultry , Puberty, PrecociousABSTRACT
Introducción: telarca precoz está definida por la presencia de desarrollo mamario antes de los ocho años de edad, en ausencia de otros signos clínicos de maduración sexual. Material y métodos: se estudiaron a las niñas menores de ocho años de edad, atendidas en el consultorio de endocrinología pediátrica del Hospital Santa Cruz, durante cinco años, que acudieron a consulta por presentar telarca precoz. Resultados: se atendieron 119 niñas; el 70% de ellas era menor de dos años; la mayoría (86% del total) presentaba talla adecuada para la edad; se diagnosticó sobrepeso en el 33% de las pacientes (n=39) y obesidad en el 10% de los casos (n=12); la edad ósea se encontró acorde a la edad cronológica en 108 niñas (91% del total), siendo la ecografía ginecológica normal al igual que los niveles plasmáticos de LH y FSH (rango prepuberal), prolactina, estradiol y TSH, en 116 pacientes (97% de los casos). Se diagnosticó pubertad precoz en tres niñas y 116 pacientes (97%) presentaron telarca precoz. Conclusión: la telarca precoz no siempre es una condición autolimitada; es importante controlar periódicamente a las niñas afectadas.
Introduction: the precocious thelarche is defined by the presence of breast development before eight years of age, in the absence of other clinical signs of sexual maturation. Methods: we studied girls under eight years old, attended at the pediatric endocrinology clinic of the Hospital Santa Cruz, during five years, who went to the doctor because of thelarche. Results: we attended 119 girls, 70% of them were younger had two years, most (86% of total) had age appropriate stature, overweight was diagnosed in 33% of patients (n=39) and obesity in 10% of the cases (n=12), bone age was found according to chronological age in 108 girls (91% of total), with normal gynecological ultrasound as plasma levels of LH and FSH (prepubertal range), prolactin, estradiol and TSH in 116 patients (97% of cases). Precocious puberty was diagnosed in three girls; 116 patients (97% of the total) had precocious thelarche. Conclusions: the precocious thelarche is not always a self-limited condition, so it is important to periodically check the girls affected.
ABSTRACT
Precocious puberty is defined as the development of secondary sexual characteristics before the age of 8 years in girls and 9 years in boys. Gonadotropin-dependent precocious puberty (GDPP) results from the premature activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and mimics the physiological pubertal development, although at an inadequate chronological age. Hormonal evaluation, mainly through basal and GnRH-stimulated LH levels shows activation of the gonadotropic axis. Gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty (GIPP) is the result of the secretion of sex steroids, independently from the activation of the gonadotropic axis. Several genetic causes, including constitutive activating mutations in the human LH-receptor gene and activating mutations in the Gs protein a-subunit gene are described as the etiology of testotoxicosis and McCune-Albright syndrome, respectively. The differential diagnosis between GDPP and GIPP has direct implications on the therapeutic option. Long-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs are the treatment of choice in GDPP. The treatment monitoring is carried out by clinical examination, hormonal evaluation measurements and image studies. For treatment of GIPP, drugs that act by blocking the action of sex steroids on their specific receptors (cyproterone, tamoxifen) or through their synthesis (ketoconazole, medroxyprogesterone, aromatase inhibitors) are used. In addition, variants of the normal pubertal development include isolated forms of precocious thelarche, precocious pubarche and precocious menarche. Here, we provide an update on the etiology, diagnosis and management of sexual precocity.
A puberdade precoce é definida como o desenvolvimento dos caracteres sexuais secundários antes dos 8 anos nas meninas e dos 9 anos nos meninos. A puberdade precoce dependente de gonadotrofinas (PPDG) resulta da ativação prematura do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-gonadal e mimetiza o desenvolvimento puberal fisiológico, embora em idade cronológica inadequada. A avaliação hormonal, principalmente os valores de LH basal e após estímulo com GnRH exógeno confirmam a ativação do eixo gonadotrófico. A puberdade precoce independente de gonadotrofinas (PPIG) é o resultado da secreção de esteróides sexuais independentemente da ativação do eixo gonadotrófico. Diversas causas genéticas, incluindo mutações ativadoras constitutivas no gene do receptor do LH humano e mutações ativadoras no gene da subunidade a da proteína G representam as etiologias da testotoxicose e da síndrome de McCune Albright, respectivamente. O diagnóstico diferencial entre PPDG e PPIG tem implicação direta na opção terapêutica. Análogos de GnRH de ação prolongada é o tratamento de escolha da PPDG. A monitorização do tratamento da PPDG é realizada pelo exame clínico, avaliação hormonal e exames de imagem. Para o tratamento da PPIG, são usadas drogas que bloqueiam a ação dos esteróides sexuais nos seus receptores específicos (ciproterona, tamoxifeno) ou bloqueiam a sua síntese (cetoconazol, medroxiprogesterona e inibidores da aromatase). Variantes do desenvolvimento puberal normal incluem as formas isoladas de telarca, pubarca e menarca precoces. Nesta revisão, atualizamos a etiologia, o diagnóstico e tratamento da precocidade sexual.